Attachment, The Key Factor That Promote The Attachment Essay

This essay will explain the definition of attachment, the key factor that promote the attachment and discuss the theory of attachment, including deprivation and privation. Attachment is an emotional and affectional tie or bonds that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific one. Children`s attachment is mostly based on the children`s sensitivity and understanding of the mother`s honesty in providing comfort, support and security. In addition, behaviours of the child that build up attachment and give the opportunity for showing contact between mother and child can include breastfeeding, which means relaxing the baby and independent, co-sleeping, kangaroo care, smelly mother, talking, and smiling to baby, physical touching and hugging, and playing with baby. (Simply Psychology) The important attachment factor is oxytocin between mother and baby. The nipple stimulation that happens when baby causes a hormone called oxytocin to be free in the mother, which in turns trigger milk let-down. The oxytocin makes mother to become intimate with her newborn baby and makes them to attach to each other. Babies can similarly imprint on their mother, deriving feelings of peace and pain reduction along with mother. Similarly, Freud believed that baby’s instinctive needs such as food and security are pleases by mother, who then becomes desire in her own right. Behaviourists also see babies as becoming attached to those who satisfy their needs. However, caregivers act asShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Development : Child Welfare1640 Words   |  7 Pages Early Childhood Development Rossy Sical SWK 346 Child Welfare Professor Carew February 3, 2015 Early Childhood Development Early childhood development is a fundamental key to a full and productive life. This stage of development is not only important because of its rapid development but also because it is the foundation of children’s future cognitive, behavioral and emotional well-being. Children during this stage require love and physical and verbal stimulationRead MoreChildhood Development And Childhood Stages1633 Words   |  7 Pagesearly and middle childhood. Attachment will be used as a key theme and the discussion will demonstrate the importance of attachment and how it contributes to both social and emotional development, and well-being. The second theme that will be considered is emotion, to demonstrate how emotions develop and how the parent, child and environment interact to affect children’s emotional development and well-being. The key issues that will be discussed include, early attachment experiences and how they affectRead MoreEvaluation of Research Into Factors that Influe nce the Development of Attachments in Humans During First Year of Life648 Words   |  3 PagesEvaluation of Research Into Factors that Influence the Development of Attachments in Humans During First Year of Life Attachment is a mutual and instance emotional relationship between an infant and its caregiver(s). Attachment aids many key functions for the survival of the child as it ensures closeness of the caregiver ensuring safety. Attachments provide a emotionally secure base from which promote self development. Attachments also act as a model for later emotionalRead MoreThe Facebook Self : Characteristics And Psychological Predictors Of False Self Presentation On Facebook Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia sites, can promote false presentation of the self. False self-presentations are presumed to be unhealthy because they can ultimately lead to reduced wellbeing and promote various psychological pathologies. This research also specifies the method of research chosen (ANOVA and SEM), in order to prove the goal/purpose of the research that low self-esteem and low-authenticity cause people to present a False-Facebook self. The aim of this study is to analyze key psychological processesRead MoreBowlbys Theory of Attachments854 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Bowlby’s Theory Attachment is a strong and emotional bond that develops over time between two individuals that is reciprocal. 1. THE THEORY * Bowlby’s theory suggests that attachment is evolutionary and is needed to aid survival. * He did observational research to link orphans with psychological damage. * Babies are helpless and rely on adults. They make instinctive decisions because they haven’t actually learnt anything yet. Bowlby said that babies must be genetically programmedRead MoreThe Theory Of The Attachment Theory1268 Words   |  6 PagesThe attachment theory has been a topic of discussion since about 1951, when introduced by John Bowlby. Mary Salter Ainsworth later created the famous â€Å"Strange Situation† experiment to test this theory (Berant, 2013). Until this point, most psychologists studied adulthood behaviors and worked backward to childhood. Bowlby believed that childhood attachments impact adulthood. (Berant, 2013). Attachment styles that the â€Å"Strange Situation† study named include secure, anxious avoidant, anxious ambivalentRead MoreI Will Be Using Emotion Focused Therapy1520 Words   |  7 PagesTherapy, and in particular will concentrate on Attachment Theory within EFT to conceptualize Ally’s presenting difficulties that she came to therapy for. A key premise of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) is that emotion is foundational in the construction of the self and is a key element of self organization (Greenberg, 2004). Emotions are seen as an adaptive form of information-processing and action readiness that orients people to their environment, and promotes their well-being (Greenberg, 2004). The goalRead MoreInfluenced By Konrad Lorenz s Theory Of Attachment855 Words   |  4 Pagesimprinting, which indicated that attachment (in goslings) was innate and possessed survival value (Mcleod, 2009), John Bowlby, formulated his ethological theory of attachment, based on the idea that humans are born with an attachment control system, designed to mature through early development, in order to promote attachments with care givers permitting survival of the infant. (Worthman et. al, 2010, p111) His stages of attachment begin with the pre-attachment phase, as the child non-discriminatinglyRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : Laser Student Number : Ruby Kiddi1624 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 2014 Attachment Theory 1. Define attachment, including reference to key theorists/researchers in this field and the contributions they have made. Attachment style theory describes the type of attachment an infant has with its mother or other main care giver which is generally first observed in a child around 5 to 7 months of age and may continue to shape them and their relationships for the rest of their lives (Smith, Cowie Blades, 2011; Downey Feldman, 1996). Attachment is an affectionateRead MoreRelationship Between Nature And Nurture1666 Words   |  7 Pagesis how types of attachment can easily be recorded. Attachment styles (Crawford et al., 2007) help understand how exactly social relationships in varying life domains are created, preserved and dismissed as adults. By identifying these forms of attachments in early childhood, mental health professionals can begin recognizing symptoms for schizophrenia (Heiden Hafner, 2000). By using identical twins, we can further investigate whether a parent’s use of a secure or avoidant attachment will develop a

Greek Mythology The Odyssey - 1099 Words

Greek mythology in general, has many impacts on the modern day world, even though it was written over a 10 milleniums ago. Greek mythology, implicitly, introduced the ideas of life lessons, and they can also gives us humans in general basis to our common beliefs. Furthermore, Greek mythology helps us get to know ourselves, and it can aid us in the process of seeing how capable was as humans are. The Odyssey is one of the more familiar Greek myth written by Homer in the 12th and 13 century B.C. Homer incorporates key concepts of life in most of his stories, but the Odyssey to be specific, might have had the most impact on the human race. The common influential ideas, and life lessons of the travels of Odysseus are deeply ingrained in our†¦show more content†¦Getting back to the King’s question, he asked whether if Odysseus was sad because he lost a very close friend. That is a valid thought because if one brother falls, then the other will emotionally deteriorate. Th e thought of going into an emotional breakdown, is present nowadays, whenever a friend or someone close decease, we as humans, tend to mourn for the people we care for. If a person loses a sibling, then they will agonize over the loss, and it would be the same process with a friend.. One of the many other places morals could have been found was when Penelope, husband of Odysseus, was talking to a beggar, and invited him to sleep on a bed. Before Penelope went to sleep, she and the beggar were talking about dreams. After that, she said to the beggar, â€Å"If only you would consent, strange, to sit by me all night, entertaining me, sleep would not again drown my eyes. Yet mortal cannot for ever dispense with sleep, the deathless ones having appointed its due time each thing for man upon this fertile earth.† Penelope could have asked the beggar to entertain her all night with stories and jokes, but Penelope knew that night time meant that sleep is more important. This too happe ns in real life, where we need to manage time, what is important and what is excess, and not needed, like video games and studying. This is a pretty common life lesson. Most parents today use this to tell their children when it is the right orShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology By Homer s Odyssey, Iliad And Hesiod s Theogony2522 Words   |  11 PagesGreek mythology as it exists today was a culmination of oral tradition that was part of the early Greek civilization. Different regions of the Greek empire had different heroes with their own traditions, and thus Greek mythology was firmly tied to it geographical location. Geography and physical places helped shape Greek mythology to a large extent. Homer’s Odyssey, Iliad and Hesiod’s Theogony are examples of Greek mythology where the myth is tied with the geographical space. With the mention ofRead MoreDeception Amongst Women in Greek Mythology Within the writings of Greek mythology women commonly600 Words   |  3 PagesAmongst Women in Greek Mythology Within the writings of Greek mythology women commonly display certain attributes that the Greek society associated with women or femininity back in the day. A common quality demonstrated amongst the women in Greek society, and more specifically in Greek mythology, is deception. Throughout the Greek literature discussed in class, women have commonly showed their deception and trickery in different ways and for numerous different reasons. The Odyssey, Theogony, andRead MoreGreek Gods And Goddesses Of The Odyssey998 Words   |  4 PagesGreek Gods and Goddesses of The Odyssey Everyone all over the world loves to study Greek mythology because it is going to be in their everyday life ; they ´re going to like the history, monsters, and the magic. For many generations, people have been way more excited by the research and the history of the goddesses and gods like Poseidon, Polyphemus, and Tiresias. Poseidon, Tiresias and Polyphemus are all important aspects of Greek mythology because they have endured stories for thousands of yearsRead MoreGreek Mythology And The Mythology850 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on which part of the world an individual is in. The Greeks and Romans are both very polytheistic civilizations. They believe in a multitude of gods and creatures, and they have gods for fertility, elements, war, medicine, and a multitude of others. The mythology of these two cultures is exceedingly similar, although for those looking for a more interesting view on the subject, Greek mythology is far superior to Roman mythology. The time period in which mythological tales were told beganRead MoreThe Role Of Fate In Greek Mythology1288 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we look at Greek Mythology we often run into the gods of that era. Sometimes they are merely backdrops to the human element of the story but in stories such as The Odyssey the gods play a prominent if not vital role to the central themes of the story. Fate has a place in the Greek world but is place is not the same as it is in other scenarios or worlds. It is important to understand the word before we discuss it. Fate as far as Greek mythology goes is not just fate, by most standards fate isRead MoreDivine intervention dealing with Greek myths, especially The Odyssey and The Iliad.1474 Words   |  6 PagesDivine intervention is a feature of ancient Greek literature. One is amazed and even dumbfounded by the magical myths so frequently referred to. In Greek literature, the gods play an immense role in the lives and fates of the mortal dwellers of the earth. As one examines the gods throughout the myths and epic poems of the Greeks, one recieves a strong impression that the gods play with and manipulate mortals and each other. One goddess who exemplifies this is the great goddess Athena. This daughterRead MoreXenia in the Odyssey Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesGreece. Hospitality, or Xenia, is so essential in Greek society that Ze us, in addition to being the king of the Gods, is also the God of travelers (Wikipedia). This created an obligation for the host to be hospitable to their guests, and conversely, the guests had their own responsibilities as well. If either the host or the guest was to break any rule set by Xenia, there would be severe penalties dealt by Zeus and also by society (Wikipedia). In The Odyssey, Xenia is a theme which is shown repeatedlyRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1693 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The ancient Greeks were a deeply religious people. They worshipped many gods whom they believed appeared in human form and yet were endowed with superhuman strength and ageless beauty. The Iliad and the Odyssey, our earliest surviving examples of Greek literature, record men s interactions with various gods and goddesses whose characters and appearances underwent little change in the centuries that followed. The Greeks attributed these epic narratives to Homer, a poet living at the end of the 8thRead MoreHomer s The Iliad And The Odyssey Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesstories of the world of the ancient Greeks, the Iliad and The Odyssey. However, none are certain of the time in which Homer lived. It is believed now that, if Homer was at all more than myth himself, he did not create the two stories, rather he organized or edited the poems in a written form (Bloom). Regardless of Homer’s involvement with the two stories, these ancient tales are distinct and characterized by the world in which they were conceived. The Iliad and The Odyssey both heavily draw inspirationRead MoreSacrifice- in today’s culture, the word is rarely associated with something positive. You might800 Words   |  4 PagesYou might think of a human sacrifice or giving up something you really want to keep. However, in ancient greek culture, ritual sacrifice (although the act wasn’t particularly good) had a positive connotation because of the benefits for the individual and th e community the sacrifice was happening for. The importance of ritual sacrifice to ancient Greece is displayed by the passage from the Odyssey in whichâ€Å"... the people of Pylos were gathered on the sea shore to offer sacrifice of black bulls to Neptune

Conducting Research Literature Reviews

Question: Describe about the Conducting Research Literature Reviews? Answer: Introduction College life is one of the most memorable experiences in juveniles life. It is in college where every teen ager enjoys the exciting environment and the engagement with their friends in fullest, the various academic structure and co-curricular activities enriches students life and prepare them for future. Looking from closure viewpoint the students life faces a major number of challenges in their day-to-day life. They are taking considerable amount of stress, which imposes successful and constantly changing strategy to deal with their stress. These stresses include a constant pressure from the environment to flourish and succeed, to overcome the economical limitations, worries about future and many more (Hout, et al, 2013). All these factors can lead to anxiety, depression or other mental illness among college students. The issue of stress factors among college and university student has been rising for several years. Research Outline For performing the research adequately, the learner will collect the data through various means. The data will be collected by means of qualitative and quantitative method. There are various ways of collecting the qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data can be gathered by various means. It can be gathered by collecting primary data. There are various ways for gathering primary data. Primary data can be collected through questionnaire processes, taking interviews etc. For performing the interview adequately, some basic elements will be required and they are described below. For an interview to be performed, some participants are required. After questionnaire procedure, the data will be collected and sampling of data will be performed efficiently. Then, the validity and reliability of the data will be checked. There should be a perfect control to the variables, which will be considered in the data. After collecting data and checking validity of the data, analysis of the da ta will be carried out by statistical analysis technique for the data and statistical significance of the data will be carried out through appropriate process. Aim of the Research The main aim of this research is to investigate the level of stress that would lead to over depression, gloominess and nervousness among college students. The primary focus of this research is to eliminate the over stress from students life and to allow them to enjoy their teenage in fullest (Rasouli,2012). Students will be interviewed to primarily design the requirement structure that will help to minimize stress from students life. The necessary information for the research will be gathered by constant observation and also from responses of students in their daily task. The result of the research might point towards the progression to minimize the stress factors to help student. The outcome of the research should be noted down to compare the traditional methods for reducing stress with the adopted methods. Research Objectives For completion of any research report, there should be some objectives of that research. Here also in this project, there are some objectives regarding the stress factors among the college students and they are as follows- To observe the rate of the stress-affected students in a college To find out the possible reasons of the stress among the students To find out the possible way out to reduce the stress among the students Literature Review According to Hamari (2014) Stress is an observable fact that formed due to ones cognitive assessment of the stimulation and it results from individuals interaction with the environment. The occurrence of the stress depends on the presence of some factors that are called stressor. Stressor can be expressed as something that challenge someones adaptability or that can stimulate someones mental stability. Stress can be occurred by some factors such as social, biological, psychological factors. Stress can produce different effects such as positive and negative and this depends on the strength and determination of the stress. According to Fink (2013) stress is a physical or mental condition that is happened due to emotional distress and pains to an individual. Physical Factors Teenagers mostly think about their physical factors rather than another factors. The students are often not satisfied with their traits of body structure and mostly women become upset easily than men due to their structure of the body. The another reason of stress is degradation in own self and depression occurs. Some physiological symptoms like headache may be the signals of mental overload (Hinckley et al. 2013). Other symptoms may arise like fatigue, depression that may result in change in habit of sleeping or a rapid gain or loss in weight of the body. Family factors Families with constant conflicts that can be characterize by lack of communication or miscommunication between parents and children may cause mental anxiety among student life. The constant pressure from parents for students academic career will only result in increased psychological stress on their children. College or University factor The major consistent source of stress of student is academic centres. High load of homework, dissatisfactory result, high pressure of preparation for exams or the punishment may result in over stress. Parents are more concern about their childs educational career and better performance in their school that creates extra pressure over students. According to Racine et al. (2012) education is detection of an appropriate life, however parents and teachers are more concern about the academic result. Relationship Factor Most teenagers are got involved urgently in a relationship with opposite sex. There is no exact way to interact with their peers for making friends with opposite sex. Moreover, they may suffer from insecurity when they are dating someone that, they may lose them or their parents may have negative views about their dates. These kinds of thoughts create stress among adolescents (Park et al. 2012). Social factor With the constant progress of civilization people need to play more roles accordingly. A people have to play different role in their life to balance between personal and professional life. In professional life people may be a supervisor or boss or worker but the people required to be husband, wife or parents for the wife, husband or children. All these different character of one person provides a constant stress over them. Stress not only arises in an aggressive or complicated environment but also in monotonous environment. Research Questions Research questions are measured to be helpful in understanding the topic of the research. List of research questions stresses on the region of study that helps in attainment of relevant and useful information for the research topic. The list of research questions for this particular topic is as below: What are the stress causing factors in students life? What are the after effects of over stressing among student? How to reduce stress? Research Design The important fact of research work is, it should be a well planned and sequential structured to help the researcher to accomplish the research work successfully. Research design is a drawing of the work involving the plan in detail with the data collection and data analysis. Researcher has chosen the descriptive design to understand the reason behind the increasing stress factors and the solution to overcome the stress. Rational of the Research At a critical period, college or university students are about to enter in there maturity. There about to be the leader for the next generation and they are supposed to be the elites in the society. So the student must eliminate the negative stress factors that are causing mental illness and depression. Adolescence is a crucial period in which youths face self-actualization that helps the students to proceed in life with success. Presence of stress in anyones life cause career exploitation and can destroy their life and relationship. However, a little stress is fair for everyone that help people to cope with tough situation in life (Taylor et al. 2013). Therefore understanding the sources and importance of stress is important to cope with the stress. Types of research Data collection method For a research work, there are two types of data collection method, primary data and secondary data collection. Primary data is collected through interviews, questionnaires; secondary data is collected through blogs, treatment portals etc (Bazeley and Jackson, 2013) The function of this study is to do a research on a quantitative basis with the use of data of collected by interviewing students, which will describe the strategies to deal with stress management. Data analysis After collection of data, analysis of the data will be performed. This is one of the important steps in case of any research. Data is of two types- qualitative and quantitative data. Therefore, there are different analysis techniques for the qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative Data Analysis There are various analysis techniques of quantitative data and they are as follows (Grbich, 2012). The first technique is the use of the frequency distribution by drawing histogram. In this simple type of analysis technique of data, the rate of frequency of observation of data can be obtained. Second type of data analysis technique is statistical description. In this technique, the idea of the central tendency is used. The central tendency includes the involvement of mean, median and mode. Thirdly, there is another analysis technique such as comparing the means. In this test, T-tests are utilised in to measure the significant difference in mean value of data. Next, another technique of data analysis is cross tabulation. Cross tabulation is also called Pivot Table. This is one of the most famous techniques for analysis of data. The relations between different variables can be obtained with the help of this technique. Another more technique is correlation. Correlation is used to obtain how much the two variables are related. Further, another technique is linear regression. Regression is more effective than the previous one in testing relationship among the variables. Lastly, the text analytics is another technique of analysis of the data. Here, in this technique, some people is allowed to provide answers of some questions in a survey. Qualitative Data Analysis The qualitative analysis of the data is generally based on the philosophy, which is interpretative. This type of data analysis is the procedure by which the different type of collected qualitative data is processed. There are different types of approaches in the qualitative analysis of the data and they are the inductive approach and deductive approach. The inductive approach is used in case of the inquiry design where the qualitative research is used. In this approach, a specific framework is utilised for analysing the data. The deductive approach is used during the limitation of time and resources that means when the qualitative research is the portion of the large quantitative research. In this approach, the people are asked to some questions and make some conclusions about that topic. There are some major focus points related to the analyzing the data and they are described further. There should be a content of message, an attitude of the speaker (Xia et al. 2012) Apart from thes e, it will be also included as another focus to observe whether the message represents a particular person or a group and whether the experience is real or hypothetical. Thus, the qualitative analysis of the data is carried out. Sample size and analysis The study is quantitative based, as it is single subject based study. The researcher used the observations technique to gather the data in the tally form under the detailed categories. The research comprises with total 100 students and interviewed in two sessions. First session without the pressure from college, that is before the college starts and one session after the college time. Researcher clearly differentiates the difference of their attitude and mood. When students came first at college before college starts, they are more likely to do fun and enjoy their day. But after the whole tiring day they are stress out with all assignments, home tasks, pressure of syllabus. The level of stress, stress factors and reason vary with every individual. The reason of stress among college students can be pressure of syllabus and assignments and that varying with additional increment from every educational year to year. In addition, the pressure from surroundings, financial pressure increase gradually as the time passes. Pilot Research For performing the main research project adequately, a pilot research should be performed at first due to some basic ideas and knowledge. Here in this research report, for performing the pilot research, few college students are selected to do the job. The students are provided with some basic questions regarding the topic. Then the answers are collected and sorted out according to the requirement of the research. Then the analysis of the data is required after the collection of data. After analysis of the data, the result of the pilot research project becomes ready. This pilot research will be every useful to the completion of the research. The pilot research is very much useful in completion of the main research project because from the pilot research project, the assumption of the structure of the data collection, methods, and evaluation of the main research project can be made properly and reliability of the research is carried out appropriately. Analysis of Reliability The research classified sources of stress in five categories that are physical, mental, school, relationship and social factor. After interviewing the students in this research, it is clear that all the identified factors hamper the basic nature of adolescent. As this research collects data directly from the students so this can be consider as a reliable source of information. Ethical considerations of Research project selection This research project followed all those ethical liability that must be followed by a researcher to communicate with students. As teenagers are sensitive enough to react on a topic or issue the researcher maintained that good manners to interact with them. Students are not injured or offended by the interviewer and satisfaction is obtained from both sides. Gnat Chart (Referred to the appendix.) Evaluation of Outcomes Stress is a condition in which brain take rest but failed to give it. Students face this problem very much as because they have lots of works according with their daily life. Students have lots of pressure not only for their study but also they have to be the top in the institution. Students face lots of pressure from their family also because parents want to see their child on the top so parents create pressure on the students. Then the students tried their best for fulfilling their parents needs. Parents cannot understand what their child will do that really or it will be the immense pressure for them. There are lots of newspaper reviews which show the increasing order of student suicide cases in the country. Students are exposed to commit suicide because of the pressure and stress on them. Teachers and parents have to evaluate the stress factors on them for giving the students a better life. Stresses run out through students daily life actions. Even there is some news of stressed student that they get addicted of drugs and finally committed suicide. Sometimes when students get stressed they stop talking with their parents, friends and that is the signs of their problems. A proper counselling is needed for those students because if it will not do then it will also kill them slowly. There also another reason of stress that is the living style of students because maximum number of students live in hostels and their maximum time spend in the college campus. Stress can damage student`s brain because brain has a specific capacity limit of taking, if there will lots of pressure it will damage. Sometimes the students can lose their thinking capability on the situations what they dealing. Students are the future of our world so they have to be stress free or otherwise it will damage the thinking power of the students. When the students not get exact treatment for their stress they have to depend on other ones that should be good or bad. Technology is now a big part o f student life because they are connected to the electronic media for their daily needs so the result could be good or bad for the students. Social medias are also responsible for the stress in student life because everyone wants to make themselves more and more advance so they can go anywhere they can go. Recommendation For colleges, To identify the students stress, more support and care should be provided, so that they can deal with various reasons of stresses and can react accordingly. Through the use of emotional questions colleges can maintain a good observation on the physical conditions of students and give guidance to avoid different problems in their life. To incorporate career development within students, college authority can start a flexibility type of career course of education that will concentrate on students future. This course must include cultural, social, and mental conditions and have to incorporate the prospectus of each department. To design programme on stress removing strategies, educational system should prepare and provide courses that will provide benefit the college students to minimize the effect of stress from their life. For students, To manage emotion and establish a positive mean of life college students should give interest to the substantial and health related to mental and look at the emotions at every times to stay away from beginning of stress-influenced gloominess. To Increase the stress managing abilities learner should take part in an dynamic role in stress management where they can learn various techniques to transform anxiety or frustration that caused by amendment of stress. To make a family support, to release emotions of stress family can help every teenager. To cope with stress strategies like meditation, prayer and sleep is very helpful and find to be significant to struggle with academic stress. Also practising hobbies can help a students to handle with educational stress. Conclusion The main findings of this study hence over and done with academic stress, that it was highly linked with social and financial stress for students. Sleep, meditation and hobbies of any individual can help them to handle stress very effectively. References Afergan, M. M., Leighton, F. T., Johnson, T. P., Mancuso, B. J., and Iwamoto, K. G. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,255,489. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Agresti, A.,and Kateri, M. (2011).Categorical data analysis(pp. 206-208). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Aveyard, H. (2014).Doing a literature review in health and social care: a practical guide. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Bazeley, P., and Jackson, K. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Sage Publications Limited. Fink, A. (2013).Conducting research literature reviews: from the Internet to paper. Sage Publications. Friese, S. (2014).Qualitative data analysis with ATLAS. ti. Sage. Garrard, J. (2013).Health sciences literature review made easy. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Grbich, C. (2012).Qualitative data analysis: An introduction. Sage. Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., and Sarsa, H. (2014, January). Does gamification work?--a literature review of empirical studies on gamification. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE. pp. 3025-3034 Harper, J. C., Wilton, L., Traeger-Synodinos, J., Goossens, V., Moutou, C., SenGupta, S. B., ... and Harton, G. (2012). The ESHRE PGD Consortium: 10 years of data collection.Human reproduction update,18(3), 234-247. Hechenbleikner, E. M., Makary, M. A., Samarov, D. V., Bennett, J. L., Gearhart, S. L., Efron, J. E., Wick, E. C. (2013). Hospital readmission by method of data collection.Journal of the American College of Surgeons,216(6), 1150-1158. Hinckley, M. D., Ottenfelt, R., Hglund, R., Dalili, S., Reel, D., and Matson, P. (2013).U.S. Patent Application 13/837,399. Hooper, J. L., Howard, T. O. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,396,591. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Hout, M. C., Goldinger, S. D., and Ferguson, R. W. (2013). 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A systematic literature review of 10years of research on sex/gender and experimental pain perceptionPart 1: Are there really differences between women and men?.Pain,153(3), 602-618. Rasouli, S., and Timmermans, H. (2012). Uncertainty in travel demand forecasting models: literature review and research agenda.Transportation letters,4(1), 55-73. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., and Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Taylor, D., Vincent, P., Hill, J. C., and Woolley, R. D. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,502,798. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Xia, J., Mandal, R., Sinelnikov, I. V., Broadhurst, D., and Wishart, D. S. (2012). MetaboAnalyst 2.0a comprehensive server for metabolomic data analysis.Nucleic acids research,40(W1), W127-W133. Zhu, J. (2014).Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets. Springer.

Medical Marijuana free essay sample

Over many years and especially in recent times people have been debating whether or not marijuana should be legalized for medical use. Those who support legalization claim that marijuana has legitimate medical benefits. Many argue that marijuana is a better alternative than pills because it is less addictive and no known marijuana overdoses have been reported, as opposed to the numerous that are reported with prescription drugs every day. Many advocates have also come up with plans to tax and regulate the purchase of cannabis. This tax is supposed to help boost the economy of the state. Those who are opposed to the legalization of medicinal marijuana argue that marijuana is a gateway drug. This means that once people try using marijuana, they will want to experiment with other drugs which are usually much more dangerous. Also, marijuana is considered a schedule one drug. This means that it does not have any medicinal value. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Marijuana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While many people know that marijuana does indeed have medicinal value, it remains a schedule one drug. Marijuana should be legalized for medical use in The United States because it has numerous medical benefits, it’s a much safer alternative to many prescription drugs, and it will generate tax revenue. For thousands of years humans have been using the cannabis plant. The cannabis plant has numerous benefits. It has been recorded to have been used in food by the Ancient Chinese. It can be used to make clothing, rope, necklaces, and bracelets. And of course, it has been consumed in a variety of different ways. Marijuana was first smoked mainly during religious ceremonies. Over time, civilizations like the Chinese began to experiment with using cannabis as an herbal medicine. Armies would smoke marijuana before going into battle in order to calm themselves down so they didn’t panic while fighting. Later, starting in 1915, in the United States prohibitions started for nonmedical use of marijuana. In 1937 the Marijuana Tax Act made possession of marijuana illegal in the United States, whether it was for recreational or medical use. In 1970 the Controlled Substance Act created schedules to classify drugs. Marijuana was determined a schedule one drug meaning that it has no medicinal value. It remains a schedule one drug to this day. Five years later in 1975, the FDA established the compassionate use program for medical marijuana which decriminalized the cultivation and use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Only those who were severely ill and had a doctor’s recommendation were able to possess and smoke marijuana. Today 21 states including Washington DC have legalized medical marijuana, California being the first, and Connecticut and Massachusetts being the most recent. These 21 states did not legalize medical marijuana just so that their citizens could legally get high. They legalized it because marijuana has legitimate medical benefits. In the past marijuana has been used medically for pain relief, malaria, constipation, insomnia, depression, anxiety, migraine headaches, epilepsy and more. Modern suggested uses for marijuana include the treatment of nausea and vomiting, glaucoma, AIDS, and multiple sclerosis (MS). In fact, researchers in the United Kingdom did a study to see how marijuana would affect patients with MS. 40% of the patients reported at least a 30% reduction in spasticity, while only 22% of those taking a placebo reported at least a 30% reduction (Durand and Holland 57). Marijuana is one of the most restricted drugs in the United States. It has been seen through studies like the one done in the UK that marijuana has medical benefits, but these studies cannot be conducted in the United States because marijuana is a schedule I substance. As long as marijuana remains in this category of drugs, American scientists and researchers will not be able to conduct research on its possible benefits. Jessica Berg stated in her article â€Å"Smokescreen† that, â€Å"On April 20, 2006, the Food and Drug Administration stated, in an ‘Inter-Agency Advisory regarding Claims That Smoked Marijuana Is a Medicine,’ that it does ‘not support the use of smoked marijuana for medical purposes’† (Berg 1). The FDA must know that cannabis does have medical benefits, yet they refuse to fund research toward it. This is research that could help save tons of lives. Like the life of five year old Charlotte Figi. Charlotte had a severe form of epilepsy called Dravet Syndrome. Dr. Sanjay Gupta visited the Figi’s home in Colorado in his documentary WEED to see how Charlotte’s parents used marijuana to treat her seizures. Before trying cannabis, Charlotte’s parents experimented with many treatments for their daughter. None of them worked. She continued to have hundreds of seizures every week. If her life continued to go on like this she would surely not live for much longer. Just when her parents thought there were no more options, they decided to try medicinal cannabis. At first hesitant, her parents decided to go through with the idea. They didn’t want to get their five year old high, so Charlotte’s parents tried to find a strain of cannabis that was high in cannabidiol (the ingredient in marijuana with medicinal benefits (CBD)) and low in tetrahydrocannabinol (the ingredient that creates euphoria (THC)). Charlotte’s mother extracted the cannabidiol from the cannabis and injected it under Charlotte’s tongue. Charlotte’s number of seizures dropped from hundreds every week to about one every month (Gupta, Dr. Sanjay WEED). Cannabis literally saved Charlotte’s life. It was the only thing that worked for her when all other treatments failed. Dr. Gupta also visited another patient named Chad Moore who uses medicinal marijuana to treat his painful and sometimes hour-long diaphragm spasms. Moore explained to Gupta that he had tried many different pills and medications to treat his disorder and none of them worked. Moore had been hospitalized many times because of near overdoses. Moore experienced spasms on camera, and then consumed cannabis, and the spasms stopped one minute later all in the same take. Gupta was shocked at how fast the cannabis took affect (Gupta, Dr. Sanjay WEED). The experience of working with Charlotte and Chad really changed Gupta’s opinion about medicinal marijuana. In an interview with Piers Morgan on CNN, Dr. Gupta admits publicly that his 2009 Time Magazine article entitled, â€Å"Why I Would Vote No on Pot† does not correctly represent his current views about medicinal marijuana. After creating this documentary, he went from being against the legalization of medical marijuana, to being an advocate for it. Gupta explained to Piers Morgan, â€Å"I did not look far enough. I did not look deep enough. I didn’t listen to patients who said, ‘Not only does marijuana work for me, it’s the only thing that works for me’† (Gupta and Morgan). If more people who are against the legalization of medical marijuana took the time to go out and see the way that it helps people and even saves lives, maybe then they would change their minds. As mentioned before, Colorado is one of 21 states that have legalized medicinal marijuana. It also legalized marijuana for recreational use for those over the age of 21 in 2012. As of the year 2000 approved an amendment to the state constitution which allows a defense to the charge of marijuana possession for approved medicinal marijuana patients and their physicians. The amendment requires that the patient seeking a medical marijuana card to have a diagnosed, debilitating condition and to receive a doctor’s recommendation (Kamin 1). Two members of my own personal family live in Colorado and both have medicinal marijuana cards. My cousin Eric and Uncle Steve both use medicinal marijuana for different ailments. Eric works in the restaurant business and is on his feet several hours a day. This causes him to get very bad knee pains and muscle fatigue in his legs. Not to mention the stress of running a good restaurant. In an interview conducted with Eric he stated, â€Å"Marijuana is better at relieving my muscle pains after work than any kind of pill I have ever taken. I am always nervous taking pain killers because I don’t want to take too many or get any bad side effects. With cannabis I know I won’t overdose and I’m being safe† (Wall-Hauser). Even though Eric uses marijuana every day he says he doesn’t feel like he is addicted to it. He said, â€Å"I don’t come home from working craving to smoke a joint like people crave a cigarette when they don’t have one. I just do it because it makes me feel a lot better† (Wall-Hauser). Eric isn’t the only one in my family who uses medical marijuana. His father, and my uncle, Steve also has a medicinal marijuana card and lives in Colorado. Steve is a doctor, an anesthesiologist specifically, so he has been around different kinds of medicine for about 40 years. Working in a hospital, Steve is up and on his feet walking around for almost the entire day. This can take a toll on a person’s body, especially someone who is 60 years old. Steve said, â€Å"The marijuana really helps a lot with my muscle and joint aches and it doesn’t take very much to have an effect† (Sniadach). He also said that the cannabis helps with his high stress level job and helps him relax in the evenings when he gets home from the hospital. â€Å"Working at a hospital is very stressful. Sick people everywhere. If I mess up my job the patient is going to have a painful procedure. The marijuana helps me cope with a lot of this stress† he said (Sniadach). All 21 states that have legalized marijuana for medical use have some sort of tax system that helps to generate revenue for the state. In the state of Colorado citizens just voted to raise the tax on marijuana to 25%. According to the Colorado State Department of Revenue the state of Colorado generated over five million dollars in the fiscal year of 2012 from the taxation of medical marijuana from dispensaries (Department of Revenue). This money really has helped boost Colorado’s economy and can be put toward state projects like road maintenance, schools, public works projects, and many more. This was just the amount Colorado generated in one year and the number is growing. If all 50 states legalized medicinal marijuana and generated an average of five million dollars in tax revenue, that is an average of 250 million dollars in tax revenue for the entire nation. The struggling economy of the United States would surely benefit from the legalization of medicinal marijuana. Even though there is so much scientific evidence that marijuana does have legitimate medicinal value, many people still do not support its legalization. Many argue that marijuana is a gateway drug, meaning that people who try marijuana will soon want to try other, usually more dangerous drugs, such as cocaine and heroin. Many also argue that if medical marijuana is legalized more teens and young adults will want to use it. Both of these arguments are based around young adults because anti-drug corporations figure if they can stop drug use among teens, then these teens won’t want to use drugs later in life. A study was done in the 1990’s to see if marijuana legalization affected drug-related attitudes and drug use among teens and young adults. This study found that, â€Å"Although some marijuana-related attitudes changed between 1995 and 1999, use did not increase. These findings suggest that recent policy changes have had little impact on marijuana related behavior† (Khatapoush and Hallfors abstract). This study proves that the argument that teens will begin to use marijuana more or will want to experiment with harder drugs is invalid. Those who are against the legalization of medicinal marijuana also bring up the idea that if it was legalized, teens and those under the age of 21 will have an easier time obtaining it. The idea is that teens will know someone that is over 21 and ask the person to get them marijuana with their medicinal card. Medicinal marijuana can only be obtained through dispensaries that are approved by the government, so the act of a young adult getting marijuana from a patient is highly illegal. A study was done to determine if there is a relationship between marijuana use among teens and young adults and ease of access with the number of medicinal marijuana cards at the county level. The study found that living in a county with a higher number of medical marijuana cards did not result in an increased use of marijuana over a 30 day period or over the test subject’s lifetime (Friese and Grube abstract). This study shows that just because a teen may live in an area where many people hold medicinal marijuana cards, they are not more likely to gain access to marijuana or use it illegally. People against the legalization of medical marijuana also argue the idea that people who want to obtain a medical marijuana card will tell their doctor whatever they want to hear just so they can get a card and go get high. The law in Colorado states that it, â€Å"(†¦) requires those seeking to register as marijuana patients to demonstrate a diagnosed, debilitating condition and to receive a doctor’s advice that they might benefit from the medicinal use of marijuana† (Kamin 1). It is true that some people do go to their physicians and claim they get headaches and need to get medical marijuana. These people do not have the intent of using the marijuana for medicinal purposes, but they have a card so it is still legal. This form of â€Å"cheating the system† can be a problem. No one has yet come up with a plan in order to weed (no pun intended) out those patients who really need marijuana for its medical purpose from those who just want to get high. In order to solve this problem, physicians need to have a stricter process for issuing medicinal marijuana cards. If a patient is interested in using cannabis for their illness they need to be tested to make sure that they really have that illness and will benefit from medicinal marijuana. The law states that patients must be diagnosed with the condition, not just say they have it. When the state law says diagnosed they mean by a licensed physician, not a self-diagnosis. If a person does turn out to not have the condition, or it is determined that they will not benefit from medical marijuana, then their request should be rejected. Another way to stop people from obtaining medical marijuana cards just to get high would be to use marijuana as a last-resort medicine. By last-resort medicine, I mean that the patient has tried all other alternatives for their condition and none of them have worked. If a patient just wants to get high, they won’t want to try the alternative medicines because these prescriptions won’t produce the high that marijuana does. If the patient does try all the other alternatives and none of them work, then the physician should consider issuing them a medicinal marijuana card. We saw this with Charlotte Figi’s parents in Dr. Sanjay Gupta’s WEED documentary. Charlotte’s parents tried tons of different medications to treat Charlotte’s epilepsy and after they saw no results, then they turned to trying medical marijuana. Cannabis is a plant that has so many beneficial uses to humankind. Yet its use is restricted. Marijuana has been seen to save lives of those with epilepsy. It has been seen to make those who are extremely weak from chemotherapy able to eat. It has been seen to help those who have terrible muscle pains and migraine headaches. It has relieved the stress of many people and helped those who have extreme anxiety. No deaths have ever been reported from an overdose of marijuana, but accidental overdoses on prescription pills occur every day. Marijuana is also much less addictive than painkillers like Percocet’s and Oxycodone. For some people marijuana is the only thing that makes them feel better. If they live outside of one of the 21 states that have legalized medical marijuana then they are at risk for being arrested even if they use marijuana for medical purposes. If marijuana wasn’t a schedule one substance then maybe scientists could find even more benefits from this amazing plant. Legalizing medical marijuana will help stimulate our nation’s economy. This tax revenue can be used to create better drug education programs, improve public transportation, create public works programs, and many other things. Cannabis is a plant that has endless possibilities. Science has proven its medicinal value and it is time that we recognize the work that these researchers have done and legalize marijuana for medicinal purposes.